我們在2017年為美國華盛頓州大學寫的一篇名為Market Pressure and Herding Phenomenon的essay是我們的essay範文，全文2500字，主要研究方向是A research on Chinese Stock Market，這類文章首先是要熟知相關大環境，之後再是分類去研究，契合題目的需求去深挖相關的資料，從而成文，首先分享introduction給大家。
Herding phenomenon has been a very intriguing topic in the stock market since 30 years ago, many scholars and economists tried dissecting the sources of the problem through theoretical researches. The term is mentioned when describing collective behaviors occur among investors under uneven or inadequate information. Because herding behaviors can be found among many entities and institutions, and are often associated with the stability and efficiency of the market, herding phenomenon can be the center of attention in the time of financial crisis (Chose et al, 1999).
中間的body段落比較長，我們只截取一個部分給大家做展示，這篇essay是涉及到計算和公式的，所以除了寫文字以外，也要用到計算的部分，格式方面大家也要注意，卷面的清爽也是得分的關鍵點，在body段落中，除了給出相關的論點論據以外，也要注意reference的運用，特別是不同學校有不同要求的，同學們要注意。
The way to use open data like stock prices to detect herding phenomenon can be very critical. William (1995) made an extensive research on how to use dispersion of stock prices and its correlation to herding behavers. He believes that if there does exist herding behaviors in the market, most investors’ decision would comply to gossips in the market. Then there’s a reasonable conclusion that when there’s apparent herding behaviors in the market, the yield rate of individual stock won’t be too different from the yield rate of the market. Bikhchandani et al (1992) mentioned in their research that when there’s a larger volatility in market prices, there’s larger information uncertainty, and therefore larger potentials for herding behaviors.
Under the assumption above, we established a link between the dispersion of rate of return and the possibilities for herding phenomenon. We’ll use the dispersion of the rates of yields as a parameter assessing the degree of herding behaviors. By that, we use the standard deviation of individual stock returns to the portfolio average rate of returns, and this standard deviation, as a parameter for dispersion, can quantify the closeness of individual stock returns to collective portfolio returns. When the decision is entirely made by herding groups, all prices moves in the same volatility, and the standard deviation would be 0; And if there is one stock moves away from the portfolio, the degree of dispersion arises, and the standard deviation would be larger. We can detect the existence of herding behavior by comparing this parameter under different situation, both when there’s a large volatility in market prices and when there’s a small volatility where herding phenomenon’s hard to manifest.
Under the stress of market pressure, investors are more likely to abandon their own investment ideas and follow the trends, and therefore more likely to have herding behaviors. William (1995) suggested the following model:
D_t= α+ β_(1 ) C_t^L+ β_2 C_t^H+ ϵ_t
where α is a constant measuring the sample’s average dispersion degree which excludes the areas covered by the dummy variables; C_t^Land C_t^Hare dummy variables in market’s big rises and falls. And betas are the regression coefficients whose values will be the direct indicator for the existence of herding behaviors. And because there’s no such standard for market large volatility, when calculating the regression for the dispersion of daily rate of returns, we use 1% and 5% to define the market volatility. And this standard will confine the C_t^Land C_t^Hto the highest and lowest of 1% and 5% of the distribution function of rate of return.
We define C_t^Land C_t^Has follows:
Use as the market rate of return at time m, and〖 r〗^m (pl) and 〖 r〗^m (ph) as the p percentile for the distribution of market rate of return. When using 1% standard, pl = 0.01, and ph = 0.99; and when using 5% standard, pl – 0.05, and ph = 0.95.
If 〖 r〗^m (pl) ≤ 〖 r〗^m (ph), C_t^L= 1, else C_t^L = 0.
If 〖 r〗^m (pl) > 〖 r〗^m (ph), C_t^L = 1, else C_t^H = 0.
And if β_1< 0 and β_2< 0, then concludes there’s herding behaviors. If β_2>β_1, there are less herding behaviors when market’s higher rate of returns than lower rate of returns. And if β_2<β_1, vice versa.
最後是conclusion的部分，綜合前文的分析給出一個最後的匯總，要把之前的研究範圍大致說一下，需要的話也要加上自己的想法，最好給文章起到一個生化的作用，我們給出的這篇範文就是通過discussed…analyzed…hopefully…這樣的的詞把整段串聯起來，起到一個很好的起承轉合的作用，讓結尾段真正發揮效應。
In this essay, we discussed and analyzed the methodologies and its potential deficiencies in detecting herding phenomenon, and then we investigated the herding phenomenon in Chinese stock market and its causes, finally we provided few suggestions for the cause. Hopefully, it provides a comprehensive directory for herding behaviors in Chinese stock market and other less mature stock market alike.